tobacco smoking
the taste of tobacco is pungent or pungent.
tobacco smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and its smoke is either tasted or inhaled. its practice began in the early period of 5000-3000 bc. [1] in many civilizations, it was lit as a fragrance during religious rituals, which was later adopted as a social tool to gain pleasure or to obtain pleasure. tobacco became prevalent in the old world in the late 1500s where it followed the common trade route. although this substance has often been a victim of criticism, it became popular despite it. german scientists formally identified the relationship between smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the beginning of the first anti-smoking campaign in modern history. the movement, however, failed to reach enemy limits during world war ii and soon became unpopular thereafter. in 1950, health officials again began discussing the relationship between smoking and cancer. scientific evidence was obtained in the 1980s, which emphasized political action against this practice. since 1965, consumption in developed countries has either declined or declined. however, the growth in the developing world continues. [7]
The most common method of tobacco consumption is smoking and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with otheradditives[8] and then swollen. As a result, steam is inhaled through the breath, then the active substance is absorbed from the cells through the lungs. [9] The active substance initiates chemical reactions at nerve endings leading to increased heart rate, memory and alertness[10] and the duration of the reaction. There is a leak of dopamine and later endorphin that are often associated with pleasure. In 2000, smoking was consumed by some 1.22 billion people. Men are more likely to smoke thanwomen[13] however, this gender difference declines in the younger age group. [14][15] The poor are more likely to smoke than the rich and those in developed countries are more likely to smoke than those in rich countries. [7]
many smokers start in adolescence or early childhood. generally, smoking in the early stages provides pleasant sensations, acting as a source of positive reinforcement. after several years of smoking in a person, the symptoms of avoidance and negative reinforcement become the major catalyst for him to continue.
history[edit]
initial use[edit]
history of smoking is very old from 5000-3000 bc. has been since before when the cultivation of agricultural products began in south america; his later use of the plant material to burn began either by accident or developed with the intention of finding another means of consumption. [1] it continued to be used in its own way in the rituals of the broom. [16][page needed] in many ancient civilizations such as the chaldeans, indians, and chinese, incense burning is a part of a religious reminder, such as israelis and later catholic and orthodox christian churches burn. smoking in the u.s. probably originated from the burning of incense at broom ceremonies but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool. tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs were used to get in touch with the world of the body and the soul.
eastern north american tribes own large quantities of tobacco sachets as a readily accepted ready item of trade and often smoke from the pipe, whether it be the defining ceremony that is considered sacred or to confirm thedeal,[17] and they drink it at all stages of life on all occasions, even in childhood. [18][page needed] there is a belief that tobacco was a gift from the creator of this world, and that the smoke from the puff of tobacco is able to carry the thoughts and prayers of that particular person to heaven. [19]
In addition to smoking, tobacco is also used as a medicine. As a pain reliever, it is also used as an earache and toothache and sometimes as a poultice. Indians living in the desert say that smoking cures colds, especially if small leaves of tezpat in tobacco are added to the cord of the tezpat or the Indian gulamandi or cough root Leptotaenia multifida, which was additionally considered to be particularly good for asthma and tuberculosis. [20]
increase in popularity[edit]
six years after jamestown's establishment in 1612, john ralph is the first settler to successfully cultivate tobacco as a cash crop. the demand for tobacco rose sharply, calling it "brown gold," as it revived virginia, which failed in the gold campaign, into a stock company. [21] tobacco was produced continuously to meet the demands of the old world, as a result of which the fertility of the land was soon reduced. it acted as a motivator for the west to settle in an unknown continent and so did an expansion of tobacco production. [22] until the bacon rebellion, contracted slavery was the basis of the primary labor force, which led to the focus on slavery. [23] this tendency decreased after the american revolution and slavery was considered unprofitable. however, this practice was revived in 1794 when the cotton pulley was invented. [24][page needed]
the french gene nicot (by whose name the word nicotine was derived) introduced tobacco to france in 1560 and then tobacco spread to england. the first report of an englishman smoking was that of a sailor in bristol in 1556, "smoke was seen coming out of his nose". like tea, coffee, and opium, tobacco is also just one of the many intoxicants that were originally used as medicine. tobacco was introduced there around 1600 by merchants in french, which in today's modern times is called zambia and senegal. at the same time, moroccan convoys brought tobacco to timbuktu and the surrounding areas of portugal and gave the commodity (and plants) to south africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout africa in the 1650s.
Tobacco has been constantly criticized by state and religious leaders ever since it became familiar in the Old World. Sultan Murad IV (IV) of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the first to try to ban smoking by posing a threat to the morality and health of the people. Chinese Emperor Chongzhen issued a fatwa two years before his death, banning smoking and overthrowing the Ming dynasty. Manchu of the originally nomadic horse warrior King dynasty later preached against smoking that he was a more heinous crime than neglecting archery. Tobacco plantations were initially viewed in the Edo period in Japan with contempt bydictatorships because the destruction of valuable farms using recreational drugs instead of for food crops was seen as a threat to the military economy. [26]
Most religious leaders were prominent among those who believed that smoking was immoral or completely condemnable. In 1634, the sale of tobacco was prohibited in the Patriarch of Moscow, and men and women who broke the ban were sentenced to have their noses cut off and to whip them on their backs until the skin was removed. Western Church leader Urban VII (VII) similarly condemned smoking and pronounced the 1642 order of the Pope. Despite many concerted efforts, resistance and sanctions were almost everywhere ignored. When James I (I), a staunch anti-smoking and author of A Counterblast to Tobacco, tried to curb the new trend by increasing tobacco by 4,000% in 1604, he was proved unsuccessful by about 7,000 tobacco vendors in London. Later, the smarter rulers realized the futility of the smoking ban and turned tobacco trade and cultivation into government lucrative monopolies. [27][28]
tobacco smoking was introduced in every major society in the mid-1600s, and in many cases its use had already been assimilated into the original culture despite attempts by many rulers to end it with harsh penalties or fines. tobacco products and plants came from both major trade routes to major ports and markets and then reached the hinterlands. the word smoking in the english language was coined in the later period of the 1700s, before which it was called drinking smoke. [3][page needed]
its growth remained steady until the american civil war in the 1860s, when the primary labor force shifted from slavery to a share of crops. this happened, with changes in demand and with the production of cigarettes moved towards tobacco industrialization. in 1881, a craftsman, james bonsack, produced a machine to speed up the production of cigarettes. [29]
social stigma[edit]
Anti-smoking groups in Germany often joined with anti-alcoholgroups,[30]advocating for the first time in articles published in 1912 and 1932 in der Tabakgegner (anti-tobacco) journal Against Tobacco Use. In 1929, Fritz Licint of Dresden, Germany, published an article that contained formal statistical evidence of the lung cancer-tobacco link. Adolf Hitler denounced his addiction to smoking during the severe depression as a waste of money and later made firm statements. This movement was further strengthened by the Nazi reproductive policy in which women's smoking was considered unsuitable for wives and mothers in a German family. [32]
the anti-tobacco movement in nazi germany did not reach across the enemy line during world war ii, which led to anti-smoking groups quickly losing their popularity. by the end of world war ii, american cigarette makers had quickly re-entered germany's black market. illegal trafficking of tobacco becamerampant,[33] and the nazi leaders of the anti-smoking campaign were silenced. as part of the marshall plan, the united states shipped 24,000 tons of tobacco free of charge to germany in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949. in post-war germany, annual cigarette consumption per capita increased from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. by the late 1900s, the anti-smoking campaign in germany failed to increase its effectiveness at the end of the nazi era in 1939–41, and german tobacco health research was interpreted by robert n. proctor as a "retarded" one. [4]
richard doll published research in the british medical journal in 1950 that demonstrated a close link between smoking and lung cancer. four years later in 1954, a study of british doctors, which was carried out by about 40,000 doctors for 20 years, confirmed this suggestion, on the basis of which the government issued an advisory that smoking and lung cancer rates had a correlation. similarly, the united states surgeon general's report on smoking and health in 1964 began with a suggestion on the relationship between smoking and cancer.
according to scientific evidence found in the 1980s, tobacco companies have claimed that the reason for negligence was their ignorance or lack of adequate credibility before the adverse health effects. the health authorities supported these claims until 1998 after which they reversed their position. the tobacco-dominated settlement agreement (the tobacco master settlement agreement) originally signed between the four largest tobacco companies and the u.s. attorney general of 46 states. certain types of tobacco advertisements were banned and payment as health compensation was made necessary, which later emerged as the largest civil settlement in the history of the united states. [36]
from 1965 to 2006, smoking rates in the united states have fallen from 42% to 20.8%. [6] most of those who left were professional, affluent people. despite a decrease in consumption, the average per capita consumption of cigarettes per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. this conflicting result makes it clear that those who stopped drinking smoked less, while those who continued to smoke began to smoke more light cigarettes. [37] this trend continued to be common in many industrialized countries, where even though the rate remained the same or declined. however, tobacco consumption in the developing world continued to increase by 3.4% in 2002. smoking is considered modern in most areas in africa and there is a strong unfavorable opinion that little attention is paid to it in the west. today russia is the top consumer of tobacco followed by indonesia, laos, ukraine, belarus, greece, jordan and china. [39]
consumption[edit]
methods[edit]
Tobacco is an agricultural product that is the processing of fresh leaves of plants of the species Nicotinia. This species has many subspecies, although Nicotiana tabacum is commonly grown. Nicotiana rustica ranks second in terms of high concentrations of nicotine. These leaves are cultivated and facilitate slow oxidation and allow the carotenoids in the tobacco leaf to decrease so that it becomes healthy. This creates some compounds in tobacco leaves that produce aromatic flavors such as sweet grass, tea, oil roses or fruits. Before packaging, tobacco is often placed jointly with other additives to increase the potency of intoxication so that the pH of the product changes or the effect or taste of the smoke is better. In the United States, 599 substances have been regulated in these additives. This product is then processed and packaged and shipped to the consumer market. The vast potential in this sector has been expanded by including less secondary product as a new way with active ingredients as a means of consumption.
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- roll of leaf containing tobacco
- the beedi is thin, often spicy, made of tobacco wrapped in south asian cigarette leopard leaf and tied to a colored thread at the end end to keep it safe. drinking beedi removes high levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and resin from specific cigarettes in the united states. beedisare relatively low-priced compared to normal cigarettes, which have long been popular among the poor in bangladesh, pakistan, sri lanka, cambodia, and india. [pleaseadd a quote]
- cigar
- the cigar is made by tightly binding dried and fermented tobacco so that the tobacco can be ignited and its smoke can be pulled to the mouth. generally, the high alkaline element of the smoke is not inhaled through the breath as it may soon be a cause of trouble for the trachea and lungs. instead they usually take it in the mouth. the prevalence of cigar drinking depends on the location, the historical period, the population based on the survey, and the method adopted for the assessment of the survey. the united states is by far the top consumer country, followed by germany and the united kingdom, contributing 75% of worldwide cigar sales to the u.s. and western europe. in 2005, 4.3% of men and 0.3% of women were estimated to drink cigars. [43]
- cigarette
- in the case of cigarettes, the french "little cigar" is a product of smoking that is prepared properly by cutting thin tobacco leaves at the end and reconstituting the tobacco, often wrapped in a velandrical paper, combined with other additives. [8] cigarettes are usually swollen and its smoke is drawn into the mouth and lungs through a cellulose acetate filter. smoking cigarettes is the most common method of tobacco consumption. [pleaseadd a quote]
- electronic cigarettes
- electronic cigarettes are an alternative method of tobacco smoking, although tobacco is not consumed at all. it is a battery-powered device that is used to have a vaporized propylene glycol (propylene glycol)/. nicotine sends the dose of nicotine from the solution inhaled in. many cases of legal and public health investigations are currently pending in many countries, which have emerged relatively recently because of this.
- hookah
- hookahs have one or several (often glass-based) water pipes for smoking. originally, india's hookah has gained huge popularity, especially in the middle east. a hookah is operated by water purification and indirect heating. it can be used for the smoking of herbal fruits, tobacco or cannabis.
- cretax
- cretex is a cigarette made from the spice of a complex mixture of tobacco, cloves and a delicious chutney. it was first introduced in the 1880s in kudous, java, which was designed to give clove's medicinal eugenol to the lungs. the quality and variety of tobacco played an important role in the production of cretech as cretech can contain more than 30 types of tobacco. a mixture of 1/3 rd weight of tobacco in small pieces of clove buds enhances its taste. in many states of the united states, cretex isbanned,[citationneeded] and in the united states in 2004, cretex was banned by not classifying it into cigarettes because of its "special taste" of spices other than tobacco and menthol. [44]
- indirect smoking
- INDIRECT SMOKING IS THE INVOLUNTARY INTAKE OF TOBACCO SMOKE. SECOND-HAND SMOKING (SHS) IS THE CONSUMPTION WHERE THE SMOLDERING END IS PRESENT, ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKING (ETS) OR THIRD-HAND SMOKING IS THE SMOKE THAT IS CONSUMED EVEN AFTER THE BURNING END. DUE TO ITS NEGATIVE IMPACT, THIS FORM OF CONSUMPTION PLAYED A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS.
- pipe smoking
- pipe smoking usually involves a small chamber (bowl) and a thin tube (danda) for the combustion of tobacco, which ends in the mouthpiece (slightly). the scissors of tobacco are placed in the chamber and ignited. tobacco for smoking in pipes is often used with great care and mixed availability of taste specifics is not available in other tobacco products.
- roll-your-on
- roll-your-own or hand-wrapped cigarettes, often called 'rollies', are very popular, especially in european countries. it is prepared from open tobacco, cigarette paper and filters purchased separately. it's usually very cheap to prepare.
- vaporizer
- a vaporizer is a tool used to refine the active element of plant material. in order to remove from tobacco the potentially irritating toxic or cancer-causing byproduct instead of burning the vegetation, the vaporizer heats the material in a partial vacuum so that the active compounds present in the plant evaporate and evaporate. the therapeutic administration of smoking materials often uses this method in directly heating plant materials.
physiology[edit]
- See also: Chain smoking
The active ingredients in tobacco, especially in cigarettes are obtained by burning the leaves and inhaling the vaporized gas. It is quickly and effectively absorbed into the blood and transported through cells in the lungs. The lungs contain about 300 million blood cells, with a surface area of 70m2 (equivalent to the size of a tennis court). This method is unsuccessful because the entire smoke is not inhaled and some amount of the active substances is destroyed in evaporation during the burning process. [9] The smoke from pipes and cigars is not drawn from the breath due to its high alkaliness which can damage the trachea and lungs. However, due to its high alkali content (pH 8.5) compared to cigarette (pH 5.3) smoke, organized nicotine is more easily absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth. Nicotine absorption from cigars and pipes is, however, much lower than cigarette smoke. [46]
Inhaled substances initiate chemical reactions at the end of the nerve end. Clonergic receptors are often naturally triggered by neurotransmitters being switched on from acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and nicotine express chemical similarities that allow nicotine to work as a receptor. [47] These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors seem to be located in the central nervous system and actively accelerate heart motion, alertness[10] and reaction time at the nerve-skeletal muscle strength junction. [11] Nicotine acetylcholine stimulation is not directly addictive. However as the abundant neurons nicotine receptors flow from dopamine, dopamine flows. [48] With the flow of dopamine, which is linked to pleasure, it is stronger and may increase the memory of working. [12][49] There are similar patterns of nicotine and cocaine neurons, which support the idea that the common substrate among these narcotics is active. [50]
When tobacco is consumed, most nicotine gets scorched. However, one dose is sufficient for mild physical dependence and remains sufficient to lighten a strong psychological dependence. There is also the formation of hormones(an MAO inhibitor)from the acetaldehyde present in tobacco smoke. Nicotine addiction seems to be playing an important role— a dopamine facility was released into the nucleus accumbens as a response to nicotine stimuli. [51] Using mice for the study it was reiterated that less responsible nucleus accumbens cells are responsible for reinforcement after the use of nicotine, which is responsible for many incidents of entrapment in crime, in which not only nicotine but similar things reduce robustness. [52]
=== demographic
in 2000, 1.22 people smoked. with no estimates of the change in prevalence, it is predicted that 1.45 billion people will smoke in 2010 and 1.5 to 1.9 billion in 2025. suppose the prevalence is 1% lower in a year and there is a slight increase of 2% in income then the number of smokers will be an estimated 1.3 billion in 2010 and 2025. [13]
men have five times more smoking addiction thanwomen,[13] although this gender gap declines in the younger age group. [14][15] in developed countries, smoking among men has reached its peak and has begun to decline, although the increase in the case of women remains. [53]
in 2002, twenty percent of young adolescents (13-15) smoked worldwide. of which 80,000 to 100,000 children started smoking daily— about half of whom live in asia. half of those who started smoking at an early age are estimated to continue smoking for 15 to 20 years. [7]
The World Health Organization (WHO) says that "most of the victims of cases of diseases and deaths caused by tobacco are poor people." Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion live in developing or transitional economies. Smoking rates have either gone away or fallen in the developed world. However, tobacco consumption in the developing world is growing at a rate of 3.4% per year, as it was in 2002. [7]
The WHO has estimated 58.8 million deaths worldwide in2004,[55] of which tobacco has been responsible for 5.4million,[56] and similarly 4.9 million deaths in 2007. In 2002, 70% of deaths occurred in developing countries. [57]
psychology[edit]
start[edit]
smoking mostly occurs in adolescence or early adolescence. smoking has elements of risk and rebellion, which often attracts young people. the presence of high-level models and peers may also encourage smoking. since teens are more affected by their peers than adults, parents, schools, and health professionals often fail to stop these people's attempt to smoke cigarettes. [58][59]
children of smokers are more likely to smoke than children from non-smoking parents. one study found that parents' quitting smoking was associated with less smoking in adolescence, except when other parents currently smoke. a trial of an existing study has found that in terms of smoking regulation, smoking in adolescence is related to adults being allowed to smoke at home. the results show that in-house smoking restrictive policies are associated with secondary and high school students' lower likelihood of trying to smoke. [61]
many anti-smoking organizations claim that teenagers start smoking because of peer pressure from their peers and cultural influence from friends. however, one study has found that the direct pressure of cigarette smoking does not play a significant role in smoking in adolescence. this study also reports that both prescriptive and direct pressures of cigarette smoking are reduced in adolescence. one such study showed that a person may play a more active role in smoking than has previously been acknowledged and that other social processes need to be taken into account than peer pressure. the results of another study showed that smoking behaviors of the crew of all ages and genders were significantly associated with peer pressure, but those interpersonal factors were significantly more important which distinguishes the smoking behavior of boys of the same age compared to girls aged 12–13. the effect of their peers' smoking pressure in people in the age group within 14-15 years of age emerged as an important factor on girls than boys. [64] there is often debate on whether peer pressure or self-selection is a major cause of smoking in adolescence. it is a matter of argument that the reverse of peer pressure is also true when most of the peers do not smoke and who excommunicate those who do so. [pleaseadd a quote]
psychologists such as hans eisenck have a personality development profile for specific smokers.
stubbornness[edit]
since they engage in an activity that has a negative effect on health, people who smoke are struggling to rationalize their behavior. in other words they develop acceptability, not necessarily having a logical reason why smoking is acceptable to them. for example, a smoker can justify his behavior by saying that everyone dies and so actually the cigarette changes nothing. or a person may justify the belief that smoking provides stress relief or other benefits. such beliefs preventanxiety and people continue to smoke. [pleaseadd a quote]
the reason given by smokers for this activity can be broadly classified as: smoking addiction, smoking for fun, stress reduction/relaxation,smoking due to socialization, arousal, habit/automation and management. how many of these reasons are responsible are dependent on gender discrimination, the reduction in stress/relaxation, arousal and sociality have been cited as the likelihood of women being more likely to be more than men in terms of smoking. [66]
some smokers argue that the depressant effect of smoking calms their nerves, often helping to increase concentration. however, according to imperial college london, "nicotine seems to give an effect of both stimulants and depression and it is likely that this effect is at any given time determined by the user's psychostatistic, environment, and circumstances of use." the study also suggested that low doses have a depressing effect, while taking more doses has a stimulating effect. however, it is impossible to distinguish the effect of nicotine use and the effect of nicotine release. [pleaseadd a quote]
the lack of resistance from the harmful effects of health is an ancient ideal (prototypical) example of optimistic prejudice. in addition, the lack of understanding of the possibility that its effect is generally visible at an older age and causes personality decline or disorder that is generally reflected in high-risk or self-destructive behavior. [pleaseadd a quote]
format[edit]
many studies have established that the time frames of cigarette sales and smoking use are different. for example, the structure of cigarette sales in the united states is largely linked to the weather, with its sales significantly increasing in the summer month, while its consumption decreases in the winter. [68]
similarly, smoking shows different practice with circadian, a little after waking up, in the morning and at night, the number increases before going to sleep. [69]
effect[edit]
economic[edit]
- See also: Tobacco industry
in countries that have a public health system, the cost of social medical care for sick people who smoke is borne through an increase in taxes. two arguments exist on this front, "smoking advocates" argue that heavy smokers generally do not lead long lives that do not lead to costly and chronic illness affecting old age and that it reduces the burden of healthcare in society. the burden of health therapy increases according to the "anti-smoking" argument because smokers have a higher long disease rate at a younger age than the general population.
both have limited figures. the centers for disease control and preservation, in its research published in 2002, claims that a pack of cigarettes sold in the united states costs more than $7 on medical care and productive degradation. the cost may be even higher, while another study has indicated a cost of $41 per packet, most of which is personal and his/her. his family has to bear it. another study like this explains the very low costs for others, saying: "the reason for the low number is personal pensions, social security, and medicine—the biggest factor in calculating spending is society—smoking actually saves money." smokers die at an early age and do not take up the money that is paid to them by those systems. [71]
in contrast, there are some non-scientific studies, one by philip morrisof theczech republic[72] and the other by the kato institute,[73] which support the opposite position. the study was neither reviewed by peers nor published in any scientific journal and the kato institute had received funding from tobacco companies in the past. philip morris has explicitly apologized for his earlier study by saying that: "the money for this study and the statement of the czech republic's detailed perceived cost savings from premature deaths of smokers, among other things, in public releases, is a terrible conclusion, at the same time he is a complete disregard of basic human values, which is unacceptable. one of our tobacco companies had given the task of this study, which was not a terrible mistake, but rather that was unfair. all of us at philip morris, it doesn't matter where we work, are apologetic for this act. in fact, there is no benefit from smoking, it causes serious and important diseases. "[72]
Between 1995 and 1970, per capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries increased by 67 percent, compared with a 10 percent decline in the rich developed world. Eighty percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that 10 million people will die annually from smoking-related diseases that will be one of the largest causes of death worldwide, with its largest increase in women. The WHO predicts that rates of deaths from smoking in the 20th century will increase tenfold in the 21st century. ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007).
health[edit]
The use of tobacco mostly affects the heart and lungs and causes diseases associated with it, smoking becomes the major factor of heart attack, shock, long-term resistant lung disease (COPD), emphysema and cancer (especially lung cancer, throat and mouth cancer and pancreatic cancer).
the world health organization estimates that 5.4 million people died in 2004 due to tobacco[75] and more than 100 million people died during the 20th century. similarly, the united states centers for disease control and prevention has described tobacco use as the most important risk factor for human health in developed countries and premature death worldwide. "[77]
the rate of smoking has stopped or declined in the developed world. the rate of smoking in the united states has halved, from 42% in 1965 to 20.8% in 2006. tobacco consumption in the developing world is increasing by 3.4% per year. [79]
social[edit]
- See also: Tobacco advertising and religious views on smoking
Famous people of old-time smokers used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as Jean-Paul Sartre's Goloise-branded cigarette,Albert Einstein,Joseph Stalin, Douglas MacArthur, Bertrand Russell,Bing Crosby's pipes or news broadcasterEdward R. Murro's cigarette. Some of the authors were known for smoking, see for example cornell professor Richard Klein's book Cigarettes are Sublime,the role of this professor of French literature later played a role in smoking in the 19th and 20th centuries. Popular author Kurt Wonnegunt mentions his addiction to cigarette smoking in his novels. British Prime Minister Harold Wilson was known for drinking pipes in public and Winston Churchill is known for cigars. Sherlock Holmus, the fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, used to drink pipes, cigarettes, and cigars in addition to injecting himself with cocaine "in order to keep his highly active brain busy in the dull days of his London life when nothing was happening." Alan Moore's character John Constantine in the DC Vertigo comic book (comic book) has become synonymous with smoking, so much so that first-story consulting producer Garth Innis centered him around John Constantine's lung cancer. Professional wrestler James Fullington, however, has long since called smokers a character "Sandman" (a dwarf of fairy tales, who threw sand into children's eyes and forced them to sleep).
Many Natives of the American nation pray by making a formal smoking of tobacco from a sacred pipe as part of religious rituals. Sema is tobacco's word of anishinaabe, which evolved to the ultimate sacred plant during its use in prayer because it is believed that its smoke carries prayer to heaven. Tobacco consumption is not specifically prohibited in most of the most prominent religions, although it was discouraged as an unethical habit. Before health risks were identified through controlled studies, smoking was considered an unethical addiction by some Christian preachers and social reformers. Joseph Smith,Jr., the founder of the Letter day Saint movement, recorded that on February 27, 1833, he received a revelation that discouraged tobacco use. This "word of knowledge" was later accepted as a command and faithful Letter-day sannyasins took the path of complete escape from tobacco. [80] Zenova's witnesses made the Biblical order against smoking their basis for "cleanse every stigma of your body" (2 Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish cleric Yisrael Mir Kagan (1838-1933) was among the first to speak to jewish authorities on smoking. There is a strict ban on drinking tobacco in Sikhism. Although tobacco is not banned in the Bahá'í sect, it is discouraged. [81]
public policy[edit]
- See also: Tobacco politics
The WHO Framework Agreement on Tobacco Control, signed on 27 February 2005, had an impact. The FCTC is the world's first public health treaty. The countries that signed it agreed that they would cooperate in tackling challenges such as setting common goals, minimum standards for tobacco control policy and cross-border smuggling of cigarettes. Currently, the WHO has announced that 4 billion people will come under the ambit of the treaty, which has been signed by 168 people. In the second phase, the signatories will come together to enact legislation that will prohibit smoking inside workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as far as appropriate, in other public places.
taxation[edit]
- See also: Cigarette taxes in the United States
many governments have imposed product taxes on cigarettes to reduce cigarette consumption. the money collected from taxes on cigarettes is often spent on tobacco use prevention programs, so it has become a way to contain external costs. [pleaseadd a quote]
in 2002 the centers for disease control and prevention stated that a packet of cigarettes sold in the united states costs the country more than $7 ($2000) per person smoking per year as a loss in medical and productivity of smokers. a team of health economists found in another study that the price paid by their families and society combined is $41 per packet of cigarettes. [83]
substantial scientific evidence suggests that the high price of cigarettes leads to a decrease in the overall consumption of cigarettes. most studies indicate that a 10% increase in the price will reduce the overall consumption of cigarettes by 3% to 5%. after the price increase, the likelihood of youth, minorities, and low-income smokers quitting intoxication increases by two to three times more than other smokers. [84][85] smoking is often considered an example of being very firm, however, e.g. that is the result of a steep increase in prices, which has a significantly less impact on consumption.
many countries have implemented certain methods of tobacco taxation. denmark in 1997 had the highest tax burden of $4.02 on each packet of cigarettes. taiwan had a tax burden of only $0.62 on each packet. currently the average of the price and product tax on cigarettes in the united states is below that of many other industrialized countries. [86]
the cigarette tax in the united states is widely different from each other in different states. for example, south carolina has only 7 cents on a packet, which is the country's lowest, while rhode island has the u.s. highest citrate tax at $3.46 per packet. in alabama, illinois, missouri, new york city, tennessee and virginia, counties and cities impose an additional limit on the price of cigarettes. due to the high tax rate, the price of an average packet of cigarettes in new jersey is $6.45,[88][89] which is still less than the estimated external cost of a packet of cigarettes.
Taxes on cigarettes in Canada have raised the prices of more expensive brands by more than CAD$10. [Pleaseadd a quote]
In the United Kingdom, packets of 20 cigarettes cost between £4.25 and £5.50 depending on the brand purchased and where it was purchased from. The black market for cigarettes in the UK is very strong due to high taxation and it is estimated that 27% of cigarette and 68% of hand-wrapped tobacco consumption are non-paid of UK tax (NUKDP). [91]
restrictions[edit]
in june 1967, the federal communications commission decided that the broadcast of smoking and health discussions on a tv station was inadequate and that it could not make up for the shortage of paid advertisements that aired five to ten minutes a day. in april 1970, congress passed the public health cigarette smoking act banning the advertisement of cigarettes on television and radio, which came into force on january 2, 1971. [92]
advertising the tobacco prohibition act 1992 explicitly prohibits almost all forms of tobacco advertising, including sponsorship of sports or other cultural events by cigarette brands in australia.
in the european union, which banned sponsorship on all tobacco advertising and television since 1991 under the television without frontiers directive(1989)[93], the ban was extended by the television advertising directorate which came into force in july 2005, to include other forms of media such as the internet, print media and radio. this directive does not apply to the use of advertising, hoardings or sales in cinemas - or to cultural events, sporting competitions, which are entirely local, whose participants consist of only one memberstate,[94] because all of this falls outside the jurisdiction of the european commission. however, most members transfer the directive in accordance with the law of their country, broadening their area and taking local advertising. a 2008 report by the european commission concluded that the directive had successfully been transferred to national law in all eu member states and that these laws were well implemented. [95]
Some countries also imposed legal requirements on the packaging of tobacco products. For example in EU countries Turkey, Australia[96] and South Africa the label of mention of the risk associated with health due to smoking with prominence on cigarette packets is mandatory. Canada, Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Brazil have also implemented the mandatory label of the label of warning of the effect of smoking on cigarette packets and included sketches of the health effects of smoking. In Canada, cards are also put in cigarette packets. They are sixteen and only one of them comes in packets. They explain the different methods of quitting smoking. In addition there are many graphic NHSdiscients in the United Kingdom, one shows that the cigarette is filled with fatty deposits and is a symbol of the artery of a cigarette smoker.
smoking age is set in many countries, including the united states, most of the eu member states, new zealand, canada, south africa, israel, india, brazil, chile, costa rica and australia, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors and it is illegal to sell tobacco products to people under the age of 16 in the netherlands, austria, belgium, denmark and south africa. on september 1, 2007, the minimum age for buying tobacco products in germany was raised from 16 to 18, and in great britain, it was raised from 16 to 18 with effect from october 1, 2007. the minimum age in 46 out of 50 states in the united states is 18 years, in addition to alabama, alaska, new jersey, utah and where the legal age is 19 years (in the northern state of onondaga county of new york as well as in the counties of new york's tall iceland, sufffolk and nassu). in some countries there are laws against children giving (i.e. on purchase) tobacco products to children and even those engaged in the act of smoking. the underlying assumption of such laws is that people should make decisions about use only when they are aware of the risk of tobacco use. some countries and states in these laws have undergone a loose enforcement. in other areas cigarettes are still selling to children because fines for violations are low or it is comparatively beneficial to sell to children. however, in china,turkey, and many other countries, a child generally faces less difficulty in buying tobacco products because they are often asked to go to the shop to buy tobacco for their parents.
many countries such as ireland, latvia, estonia, netherlands, france, finland, norway, canada, australia, sweden, portugal, singapore, italy, indonesia, india, lithuania, chile, spain, iceland, united kingdom, slovenia and malta has enacted laws against smoking in public places, including bars and restaurants. some jurisdictions in restaurants have also allowed them to create assured smoking areas (or for smoking prohibition). in the united states, many states have smoking prohibition in restaurants and some taverns also have smoking prohibition. smoking is illegal in indoor workplaces and public places in canada's provinces, including taverns and restaurants. on 31 march 2008, canada banned smoking in all public places, as well as within 10 meters of the entrance to any public place. the ban on smoking in australia varies from state to state. there is currently a complete ban on smoking in the interiors of all public places in queensland (including workplaces, taverns, pubs, and eateries) as well as moving beaches and outdoor areas of some public places. however, the marked smoking zones are exceptions. smoking is prohibited at train stations, bus stops and train stops in victoria and in these public places where non-smokers waiting for transportation may be affected and have been implemented in all indoor public places with effect from july 1, 2007. new zealand and brazil have banned smoking in an area attached to public places, which mainly includes taverns, restaurants and pubs. on january 1, 2007, hong kong banned smoking in the workplace, such as restaurants, karaoke rooms, buildings and public parks. bars serving alcohol in which people under the age of 18 do not enter were exempted until 2009. smoking is illegal in trains, metro stations, public institutions (where the designated site is usually outside) and public transport in romania.
product security[edit]
An indirect public health problem caused by cigarettes is accidental fires, which are usually associated with alcohol intake. A number of cigarette designs are proposed, some of the tobacco companies themselves, which are associated with extinguishing cigarettes when they are not used for a minute or two, to reduce the risk of a fire. Some, other than American tobacco companies, have opposed the idea, while others have adopted it. R.J. Reynolds was the pioneer in creating prototypes of these cigarettes in1983,[99] and all cigarettes on the U.S. market will be made safe from fire by 2010. [100] Philip Morris is not in its active support. The country's third-largest tobacco company, Lorillard, seems to be confused. [101]
drug penetration theory[edit]
the relationship between tobacco and other narcotic use has been well established, but the nature of this association remains unclear. the two main principles are the phenotypic causality (gateway) model and the co-ordinated obligation model. the causal relationship model argues that smoking exerts a primary effect of drug use in the future,[102] while the correlated liability model argues that smoking and other drug use are specified by genetic or environmental factors. [103]
virti[edit]
abstaining from smoking is called "quitting" is an act that leads to abstinence from tobacco smoking. there are many methods of this, such as cold turkey, nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants, hypnosis,self-help and support groups.
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